--合并两个提取表/派生表(derived table), 返回结果为:[a,b,c,d,e]
SELECT FC FROM (VALUES('a'),('b'),('c'),('e')) Table1 (FC)
UNION
SELECT FC FROM (VALUES('a'),('b'),('c'),('d')) Table2 (FC)

--提取表/派生表(derived table)可以是多列，列名、顺序可以不同，但列数必须相同
SELECT * FROM (VALUES('a','Anna'),('b','Bob'),('c','Cassie'),('e','Elina')) Table1 (FC, Name)
UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM (VALUES('a','Anna'),('b','Bob'),('c','Cassie'),('d','David')) Table2 (FC, Name)

--返回结果为:[e]
SELECT FC FROM (VALUES('a'),('b'),('c'),('e')) Table1 (FC)
EXCEPT
SELECT FC FROM (VALUES('a'),('b'),('c'),('d')) Table2 (FC)

--返回结果为:[a,b,c]
SELECT FC FROM (VALUES('a'),('b'),('c'),('e')) Table1 (FC)
INTERSECT
SELECT FC FROM (VALUES('a'),('b'),('c'),('d')) Table2 (FC)

--使用Where子句 + OR
SELECT name, population, area FROM world WHERE area > 3000000 OR population > 25000000

--使用UNION
SELECT name, population, area FROM world WHERE area > 3000000
UNION
SELECT name, population, area FROM world WHERE population > 25000000

--过滤出列表中不存在于数据库中的项
--返回结果为['1000000006','1000000007']
SELECT [Id] AS [cust_id] FROM
(
VALUES('1000000004'),('1000000005'),('1000000006'),('1000000007')
) dt ([Id])
EXCEPT
SELECT [cust_id] FROM [Customers]

--过滤出列表中存在于数据库中的项
--返回结果为['1000000004','1000000005']
SELECT [Id] AS [cust_id] FROM
(
VALUES('1000000004'),('1000000005'),('1000000006'),('1000000007')
) dt ([Id])
INTERSECT
SELECT [cust_id] FROM [Customers]

--对于SQLServer 2008以前的版本
SELECT [Id] AS [cust_id] FROM
(
  SELECT '1000000004' UNION ALL
  SELECT '1000000005' UNION ALL
  SELECT '1000000006' UNION ALL
  SELECT '1000000007'
) dt ([Id])
INTERSECT
--EXCEPT
SELECT [cust_id] FROM [Customers]

//使用C#动态生成SQL语句
var list = new List<string>(){"1000000004","1000000005","1000000006","1000000007"};
string sqlQuery = string.Format($@"
  SELECT [Id] AS [cust_id] FROM
  (
    VALUES('{string.Join("'),('", list)}')
  ) dt ([Id]
  INTERSECT
  --EXCEPT
  SELECT [cust_id] FROM [Customers]"
);