我就废话不多说了,大家还是直接看实例吧~
postgres=# create table t1(a int primary key,b text,c date); CREATE TABLE postgres=# create table t2(a int primary key,b int references t1(a),c text); CREATE TABLE postgres=# insert into t1 (a,b,c) values(1,'aa',now()); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into t1 (a,b,c) values(2,'bb',now()); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (1,1,'aa'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (2,2,'aa'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# \d t1 Table "public.t1" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default --------+---------+-----------+----------+--------- a | integer | | not null | b | text | | | c | date | | | Indexes: "t1_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a) Referenced by: TABLE "t2" CONSTRAINT "t2_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES t1(a) postgres=# \d t2 Table "public.t2" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default --------+---------+-----------+----------+--------- a | integer | | not null | b | integer | | | c | text | | | Indexes: "t2_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a) Foreign-key constraints: "t2_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES t1(a) postgres=#
假设我们想通过脚本向表中加载一些数据。因为我们不知道脚本中加载的顺序,我们决定将表t2上的外键约束禁用掉,在数据加载之后载开启外键约束:
postgres=# alter table t2 disable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=#
这里看起来可能有点奇怪,但是它的确禁用了外键约束。如果有其他外键约束,当然也是被禁用了。
我们再来看看表t2:
postgres=# \d t2 Table "public.t2" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default --------+---------+-----------+----------+--------- a | integer | | not null | b | integer | | | c | text | | | Indexes: "t2_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a) Foreign-key constraints: "t2_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES t1(a) Disabled internal triggers: "RI_ConstraintTrigger_c_75213" AFTER INSERT ON t2 FROM t1 NOT DEFERRABLE INITIALLY IMMEDIATE FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "RI_FKey_check_ins"() "RI_ConstraintTrigger_c_75214" AFTER UPDATE ON t2 FROM t1 NOT DEFERRABLE INITIALLY IMMEDIATE FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "RI_FKey_check_upd"() postgres=#
关键字all将表上的其他内部触发器也禁用了,需要superser才可以执行成功。
postgres=# create user abce with login password 'abce'; CREATE ROLE postgres=# \c postgres abce You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "abce". postgres=> create table t3 ( a int primary key, b text, c date); CREATE TABLE postgres=> create table t4 ( a int primary key, b int references t3(a), c text); CREATE TABLE postgres=> alter table t4 disable trigger all; ERROR: permission denied: "RI_ConstraintTrigger_c_75235" is a system trigger postgres=>
那作为普通用户,该如何禁用触发器呢?
postgres=> alter table t4 disable trigger user;
具体语法为:
DISABLE TRIGGER [ trigger_name | ALL | USER ]
回到t1、t2表。
postgres=# select * from t1; a | b | c ---+----+------------ 1 | aa | 2020-11-04 2 | bb | 2020-11-04 (2 rows) postgres=# select * from t2; a | b | c ---+---+---- 1 | 1 | aa 2 | 2 | aa (2 rows) postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (3,3,'cc'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=#
这里插入了一条在t1中不匹配的记录,但是插入成功了。
postgres=# alter table t2 enable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=# \d t2 Table "public.t2" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default --------+---------+-----------+----------+--------- a | integer | | not null | b | integer | | | c | text | | | Indexes: "t2_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a) Foreign-key constraints: "t2_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES t1(a) postgres=# alter table t2 validate constraint t2_b_fkey; ALTER TABLE postgres=#
是不是很惊讶,PostgreSQL没有报告不匹配的记录。为什么呢?
查看一个pg_constraint:
postgres=# select * from pg_constraint where conname='t2_b_fkey' and conrelid='t2'::regclass; -[ RECORD 1 ]-+---------- conname | t2_b_fkey connamespace | 2200 contype | f condeferrable | f condeferred | f convalidated | t conrelid | 75202 contypid | 0 conindid | 75200 conparentid | 0 confrelid | 75194 confupdtype | a confdeltype | a confmatchtype | s conislocal | t coninhcount | 0 connoinherit | t conkey | {2} confkey | {1} conpfeqop | {96} conppeqop | {96} conffeqop | {96} conexclop | conbin | consrc | postgres=#
convalidated字段的值为t,表明该外键约束还是有效的。
哪怕是我们再次将其disable,仍然会显示是有效的:
postgres=# alter table t2 disable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=# select * from pg_constraint where conname='t2_b_fkey' and conrelid='t2'::regclass; -[ RECORD 1 ]-+---------- conname | t2_b_fkey connamespace | 2200 contype | f condeferrable | f condeferred | f convalidated | t conrelid | 75202 contypid | 0 conindid | 75200 conparentid | 0 confrelid | 75194 confupdtype | a confdeltype | a confmatchtype | s conislocal | t coninhcount | 0 connoinherit | t conkey | {2} confkey | {1} conpfeqop | {96} conppeqop | {96} conffeqop | {96} conexclop | conbin | consrc | postgres=#
这表明当我们开启(enable)内部触发器的时候,PostgreSQL不会验证(validate)约束,因此也不会验证数据是否会有冲突,因为外键约束的状态始终是有效的。
我们需要做的是先将其变成无效的:
postgres=# alter table t2 alter CONSTRAINT t2_b_fkey not valid; ERROR: ALTER CONSTRAINT statement constraints cannot be marked NOT VALID ## 需要先将外键删掉,然后重建外键约束并将其状态设置成无效 postgres=# alter table t2 drop constraint t2_b_fkey; ALTER TABLE postgres=# delete from t2 where a in (3); DELETE 1 postgres=# alter table t2 add constraint t2_b_fkey foreign key (b) references t1(a) not valid; ALTER TABLE postgres=# \d t2 Table "public.t2" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default --------+---------+-----------+----------+--------- a | integer | | not null | b | integer | | | c | text | | | Indexes: "t2_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a) Foreign-key constraints: "t2_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES t1(a) NOT VALID
现在,可以看到状态是无效的了:
postgres=# select * from pg_constraint where conname='t2_b_fkey' and conrelid='t2'::regclass; -[ RECORD 1 ]-+---------- conname | t2_b_fkey connamespace | 2200 contype | f condeferrable | f condeferred | f convalidated | f conrelid | 75202 contypid | 0 conindid | 75200 conparentid | 0 confrelid | 75194 confupdtype | a confdeltype | a confmatchtype | s conislocal | t coninhcount | 0 connoinherit | t conkey | {2} confkey | {1} conpfeqop | {96} conppeqop | {96} conffeqop | {96} conexclop | conbin | consrc | postgres=#
继续插入数据:
postgres=# insert into t2(a,b,c) values (3,3,'cc'); ERROR: insert or update on table "t2" violates foreign key constraint "t2_b_fkey" DETAIL: Key (b)=(3) is not present in table "t1". postgres=#
是不是更惊讶了?创建了一个无效的约束,只是通知PostgreSQL
不要扫描整个表去验证所有的行记录是否有效。对于新插入或更新的行,仍然会检查是否满足约束条件,这就是为什么上面插入失败了。
我们该怎么做呢?
1.删除所有的外键
2.加载数据
3.重新创建外键,但是将其状态设置成无效的,从而避免扫描整个表。之后,新的数据会被验证了
4.在系统负载低的时候开启约束验证(validate the constraints)
另一种方法是:
postgres=# alter table t2 alter constraint t2_b_fkey deferrable; ALTER TABLE postgres=# begin; BEGIN postgres=# set constraints all deferred; SET CONSTRAINTS postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (3,3,'cc'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (4,4,'dd'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into t1 (a,b,c) values (3,'cc',now()); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into t1 (a,b,c) values (4,'dd',now()); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# commit; COMMIT
这样做不好的方面是,在下一次提交时才起作用,因此,你需要将所有的工作放到一个事务中。
本文的关键点是,下面的假设将验证你的数据是错误的:
postgres=# alter table t2 disable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (5,5,'ee'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# alter table t2 enable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=#
这只会验证新的数据,但是并不保证所有的数据都满足约束:
postgres = # insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (6,6,'ff'); ERROR: insert or update on table "t2" violates foreign key constraint "t2_b_fkey" DETAIL: Key(b) = (6) is not present in table "t1". postgres = # select * from t2 where b = 5; a | b | c ---+---+---- 5 | 5 | ee (1 row) postgres = # select * from t1 where a = 5; a | b | c ---+---+--- (0 rows)
最终,还有一种方式来解决,直接修改pg_constraint目录表。但是并建议用户这么做!
postgres=# delete from t2 where b = 5; DELETE 1 postgres=# delete from t2 where b = 5; DELETE 1 postgres=# alter table t2 disable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=# insert into t2 values (5,5,'ee'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# alter table t2 enable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=# update pg_constraint set convalidated = false where conname = 't2_b_fkey' and conrelid = 't2'::regclass; UPDATE 1 postgres=# alter table t2 validate constraint t2_b_fkey; ERROR: insert or update on table "t2" violates foreign key constraint "t2_b_fkey" DETAIL: Key (b)=(5) is not present in table "t1". postgres=#
以上为个人经验,希望能给大家一个参考,也希望大家多多支持。如有错误或未考虑完全的地方,望不吝赐教。
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